《卡拉瑪經 Kalama Sutta 》的各種翻譯版
《卡拉瑪經 Kalama Sutta 》的各種翻譯版
或譯為葛拉瑪經、羯臘磨經
卡拉玛经 Kalama Sutta - http://www.dhamma.org.cn/books/KALAMA_SUTTA.htm
卡拉玛经. (2010, January 28). Retrieved from 维基百科, 自由的百科全书: http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E7%BB%8F&oldid=12206020
1.中阿含業相應品伽藍經第六 1
2. 巴利藏《增支部.三集.65經》元亨寺 譯本 4
3. 巴利藏《卡拉瑪經 Kalama Sutta 》文言譯版 8
4.《盔沙子--咖拉麻經》暨覓寂比庫注疏 12
5. 巴利藏《卡拉瑪經 Kalama Sutta 》 喬正一白話譯 27
6. 巴利藏《卡拉瑪經 Kalama Sutta 》蕭式球譯白話版 30
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〈葛拉瑪經〉
不可因為口口相傳就信以為真。
不可因為奉行傳統就信以為真。
不可因為流傳廣遠就信以為真。
不可因為引經據典就信以為真。
不可因為合乎自己觀點就信以為真。
不可因為根據哲理就信以為真。
不可因為引證常識就信以為真。
不可因為符合先入為主的觀念就信以為真。
不可因為說者的威信就信以為真。
不可因為他是導師就信以為真。
〈羯臘磨經〉
勿因耳聞而輕信,道聽塗說本無稽;
不以傳統而妄信,歷代傳說多謬奇;
眾人謠言不可靠,毫釐之差失千里;
迷信教條未見安,經典所載非無疑;
師長訓示固可貴,懾信權威非所宜;
凡事合理方可信,且需益己復益人;
必俟體察分析後,始能虔信並奉行。
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卡拉瑪經(巴利文:Kesamuttisuttaṃ),上座部佛教經典,載《巴利大藏經•增支部》第三集第65經。其主要講述佛陀對卡拉瑪人的教誨。
其對應的漢傳佛教經典載於《大正新修大藏經•中阿含經•業相應品》中《伽藍經》第六卷。
簡介
卡拉瑪人因各宗派教義不同,而不能分辨是非真假,故向佛陀請教[1]。佛陀對該問題講述了《卡拉瑪經》,意在告訴人們:不要立即接受或相信任何事情,以免成為他人(包括佛陀本人)的知識奴隸。佛陀並為此總結了十準則[2]:
1. 勿信風說;
2. 勿信傳說;
3. 勿信臆說;
4. 勿信於藏經之教相合之說;
5. 勿信基於尋思者;
6. 勿信基於理趣者;
7. 勿信熟慮於因相者;
8. 勿信審慮忍許之見相合;
9. 說者雖堪能亦勿予信;
10. 雖說此沙門是我之師亦勿予信之。
如果堅持這十種準則,就能夠做到遠離貪嗔痴三毒,在此生就能得到四種內心安樂[3][4]:
1. 第一種安樂:他會想:「我不確定此世有無輪迴,有無因果業報。但若它們存在,我死後肯定會出生在美好世界中。」[5][6]
2. 第二種安樂:他會想:「我不確定此世有無輪迴,有無因果業報。即使沒有,我仍然在死後可以為自己和家人博得美德。」[7][8]
3. 第三種安樂:他會想:「若惡人有惡報,那麼我不對任何人懷有惡意,不造惡業,我將來肯定不會遇到不幸。」[9][10]
4. 第四種安樂:他會想:「若惡人沒有惡報,那麼至少我能做到無愧於他人。」[11][12]
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卡拉瑪經 Kalama Sutta
《卡拉瑪經Kalama Sutta 》取自南傳巴利經藏《增支部Avguttara nikaya 三集65經》
《卡拉瑪經》,此經記述了佛陀對卡拉瑪人的一番教誨。
當時,卡拉瑪人因不知如何抉擇各位宗教師所言,不辨是非,不分真假,故請示於佛。事實上,這不僅是卡拉瑪人所困惑的,也是人們在任何時代、任何地區都會面臨的問題。即使在資訊發達的今天,我們有了眾多的查詢工具,有了一生難以讀盡的典籍資料,仍無法保證,在面臨抉擇時,作出百分百的正確判斷。
那麼,我們又該何去何從?
當卡拉瑪人徬徨著,無法決定接受什麼教義時,佛陀針對這一問題宣說了《卡拉瑪經》,告訴迷茫的他們,也告訴同樣迷茫的我們:不要立即接受或相信任何事,以免成為他人(包括佛陀本人)的知識奴隸。
為此,佛陀總結了十項準則:
一、不因為他人的口傳、傳說,就信以為真。
二、不因為奉行傳統,就信以為真。
三、不因為是正在流傳的消息,就信以為真。
四、不因為是宗教經典書本,就信以為真。
五、不因為根據邏輯,就信以為真。
六、不因為根據哲理,就信以為真。
七、不因為符合常識外在推理,就信以為真。
八、不因為符合自己的預測、見解、觀念,就信以為真。
九、不因為演說者的威信,就信以為真。
十、不因為他是導師、大師,就信以為真。
《卡拉瑪經》突顯了佛教求真、求實、求證的根本精神,有別於其它很多宗教單純的以信為本。上述十點,更是震聾發聵的醒世之言。
在南傳佛教地區,《卡拉瑪經》是一部家戶喻曉的經典,深受廣大信眾,尤其是知識階層的尊重與推崇。
經 文
如是我聞,一時世尊與大比丘眾俱,遊行拘薩羅國,入於名為克薩普塔之卡拉瑪族邑。克薩普塔卡拉瑪人聞:沙門尊喬達摩是釋迦子,從釋迦出家至克薩普塔,又,彼尊喬達摩有美好稱讚之聲揚,謂:彼世尊亦即是阿羅漢,等正覺者,明行具足者,善逝,世間解,無上士,調禦丈夫,天人師,佛,世尊。如是能遇阿羅漢是幸其甚。 ——其時,克薩普塔之卡拉瑪人即詣世尊之處。詣已,一類之人即問訊世尊而坐於一面;一類人即於世尊互相慶慰;致歡迎,感銘之交談已,一類人即向世尊伸手合掌後坐於一面;一類人即白出名姓後坐於一面;一類人即默然坐於一面。坐於一面之克薩普塔之卡拉瑪人白世尊言:
[大德!有沙門、婆羅門眾來至克薩普塔邑,彼等之述示自說,相反者,對於他說則予駁斥、輕蔑、卑視、拋擲。大德!復有他類沙門、婆羅門來至克薩普塔,彼等即皆只述示自說,相反者,對他說則於駁斥、輕蔑、卑視、拋擲。大德!對彼等,我等有惑,有疑於此等沙門、婆羅門諸氏中,誰語真實?誰語虛妄? ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等所惑是當然,所疑是當然,有惑之處,定會起疑。
[卡拉瑪人!汝等①勿信風說;②勿信傳說;③勿信臆說;④勿信於藏經之教相合之說;⑤勿信基於尋思者;⑥勿信基於理趣者;⑦勿信熟慮於因相者;⑧雖說是與審慮忍許之見相合亦勿予信;⑨說者雖堪能亦勿予信;⑩雖說此沙門是我之師亦勿予信之。卡拉瑪人!若汝等只自覺--此法是不善,此法是有罪,此法是智者之所訶毀者。若將此法圓滿、執取之即能引來無益與苦--則卡拉瑪人!汝等於時應斷(彼)!
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?起於人內心之貪是為益耶?或為無益耶?
[大德!為無益。 ]
[復次,卡拉瑪人!此有貪心之人是為貪所蔽、心為所捕、殺有命者、與他之妻通、語虛誑,已勸他如是作,此是與彼長夜無益、苦耶? ]
[大德!唯然! ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?起於人內心之嗔是為益耶?或為無益耶? ]
[大德!為無益。 ]
[復次,卡拉瑪人!此有嗔心之人是為嗔所蔽、心為所捕、殺有命者、與他之妻通、語虛誑,已勸他如是作,此是與彼長夜無益、苦耶? ]
[大德!唯然! ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?起於人內心之愚癡是為益耶?或為無益耶? ]
[大德!為無益。 ]
[復次,卡拉瑪人!此有愚癡之人是為愚癡所蔽、心為所捕、殺有命者、與他之妻通、語虛誑,已勸他如是作,此是與彼長夜無益、苦耶? ]
[大德!唯然! ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?此等之法是善耶?或不善? ]
[大德!是不善。 ]
[有罪耶?或無罪耶? ]
[大德!是有罪。 ]
[若圓滿執取為能引無益與苦耶?或不耶? ]
[大德!圓滿之執取,即能引無益與苦,對此我等之所說是如是。 ]
[卡拉瑪人!是故,我語:“卡拉瑪人!汝等①勿信風說;②勿信傳說;③勿信臆說;④勿信於藏經之教相合之說;⑤勿信基於尋思者; ⑥勿信基於理趣者;⑦勿信熟慮於因相者;⑧雖說是與審慮忍許之見相合亦勿予信;⑨說者雖堪能亦勿予信;⑩雖說此沙門是我之師亦勿予信之。卡拉瑪人!若汝等只自覺--此法是不善,此法是有罪,此法是智者之所訶毀者。若將此法圓滿、執取之即能引來無益與苦--則卡拉瑪人!汝等於時應斷(彼)!”如是語者是緣此而說。
[卡拉瑪人!汝等①勿信風說;②勿信傳說;③勿信臆說;④勿信於藏經之教相合之說;⑤勿信基於尋思者;⑥勿信基於理趣者;⑦勿信熟慮於因相者;⑧雖說是與審慮忍許之見相合亦勿予信;⑨說者雖堪能亦勿予信;⑩雖說此沙門是我之師亦勿予信之。卡拉瑪人!若汝等只自覺--此法是善,此法是無罪,此法是智者之所稱讚者。若將此法圓滿、執取之即能引來益與樂--則卡拉瑪人!其時應具足而住之。 ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?起於人內心之無貪是為益耶?或為無益耶? ]
[大德!為益。 ]
[復次,卡拉瑪人!此無貪人是不為貪所蔽、心不為所捕、不殺有命者、不與他之妻通、不語虛妄,已勸他如是作,此是與彼長夜之益與樂耶? ]
[大德!唯然! ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?起於人內心之無嗔是為益耶?或為無益耶? ]
[大德!為益。 ]
[復次,卡拉瑪人!此無嗔人是不為貪所蔽、心不為所捕、不殺有命者、不與他之妻通、不語虛妄,已勸他如是作,此是與彼長夜之益與樂耶? ]
[大德!唯然! ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?起於人內心之無癡是為益耶?或為無益耶? ]
[大德!為益。 ]
[復次,卡拉瑪人!此無嗔人是不為痴所蔽、心不為所捕、不殺有命者、不與他之妻通、不語虛妄,已勸他如是作,此是與彼長夜之益與樂耶? ]
[大德!唯然! ]
[卡拉瑪人!汝等如何思維耶?此等之法是善耶?或不善? ]
[大德!是善。 ]
[有罪耶?或無罪耶? ]
[大德!是無罪。 ]
[是智者之所訶毀者耶?或是智者之所稱讚者耶? ]
[大德!是智者之所稱讚者。 ]
[若圓滿執取為能引益與樂耶?或不耶? ]
[大德!圓滿之執取,即能引益與樂,對此我等之所說是如是。 ]
[卡拉瑪人!是故,我語:“卡拉瑪人!汝等①勿信風說;②勿信傳說;③勿信臆說;④勿信於藏經之教相合之說;⑤勿信基於尋思者; ⑥勿信基於理趣者;⑦勿信熟慮於因相者;⑧雖說是與審慮忍許之見相合亦勿予信;⑨說者雖堪能亦勿予信;⑩雖說此沙門是我之師亦勿予信之。卡拉瑪人!若汝等只自覺--此法是善,此法是無罪,此法是智者之所稱讚者。若將此法圓滿、執取之即能引來益與樂--則卡拉瑪人!其時應具足而住之。”如是語者是緣此而說。 ]
[卡拉瑪人!彼聖弟子即如是離貪、離瞋,不愚癡。以正知、正念、以與慈俱行之心徧滿一方世界,第二、第三、第四方亦同。與悲俱行之心徧滿一方世界,第二、第三、第四方亦同。與喜俱行之心徧滿一方世界,第二、第三、第四方亦同。與舍俱行之心徧滿一方世界,第二、第三、第四方亦同。如是橫徧於上下一切處,於一切世界,廣大、無量、無怨、無惱害之心、徧滿而住。卡拉瑪人!彼勝弟子如是心無怨憎,心無貪欲、如是心無雜染,如是心淨,彼於現法得四慰安。
[若有後世,若有善作惡作業之異熟果,既有是處,我身壞、死後得趣天世,此即彼所得之第一慰安。若又無後世,若無善作惡作業之異熟果,與此現法,以無怨、無貪、無苦、有樂來護自己,此即彼所得之第二慰安。若作(惡)之人有惡報,則我將不對任何人懷惡意,不造惡業之人,何有苦耶?此即彼所得之第三慰安。若作惡之人無有惡報,則現在於二者我已清淨,此即彼所得之第四慰安。
[卡拉瑪人!彼勝弟子如是心無怨憎,如是心無貪欲、如是心無雜染,如是心淨,彼於現法得此四種慰安。 ]
[世尊!此即如是!善逝!此即如是!大德!彼勝弟子如是心無怨憎,如是心無貪欲、如是心無雜染,如是心淨,彼於現法得四慰安。若有後世,若有善作惡作業之異熟果,既有是處,我身壞、死後得趣天世,此即彼所得之第一慰安。若又無後世,若無善作惡作業之異熟果,則我將與此現法,以無怨、無貪、無苦、有樂來護自己,此即彼所得之第二慰安。若作惡之人有惡報,則我將不對任何人懷惡意,不造惡業之人,何有苦之觸?此即彼所得之第三慰安。若作惡之人無有惡報,則現在於二者我已見已知清淨,此即彼所得之第四慰安。大德!彼勝弟子如是心無怨憎,如是心無貪欲、如是心無雜染,如是心淨,彼於現法得此四種慰安。
[奇哉!尊者喬達摩!偉哉!尊者喬達摩!恰如倒者使起,如覆蓋者使露現,如迷者教以道,如闇中持來油燈,使有眼者見諸色,尊者瞿曇以種種法門說示。
[大德!我等今皈依世尊、法、又皈依比丘僧伽,大德!請世尊存念於我等自今日起終生皈依為優婆賽。 ]
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Kalama Sutta AN03‧65
葛拉瑪經 sp4-03-065
To the Kalamas
對葛拉瑪人的開示
Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
Copyright © 1999 Thanissaro Bhikkhu.
Access to Insight edition © 1999
巴譯英:Thanissaro 比丘
英文版權所有 ©1998 Thanissaro 比丘。
Access to Insight 1998年版
For free distribution. This work may be republished, reformatted, reprinted, and redistributed in any medium. It is the author's wish, however, that any such republication and redistribution be made available to the public on a free and unrestricted basis and that translations and other derivative works be clearly marked as such.
歡迎流通:可以再版印刷或以任何的媒體格式製作並流通,這是作者的希望。不過,所有再版流通之作品必須免費和無條件地方式供大眾使用,並且該作品中也必須清楚地標示此一聲
Translator's note: Although this discourse is often cited as the Buddha's carte blanche for following one's own sense of right and wrong, it actually says something much more rigorous than that. Traditions are not to be followed simply because they are traditions. Reports (such as historical accounts or news) are not to be followed simply because the source seems reliable. One's own preferences are not to be followed simply because they seem logical or resonate with one's feelings. Instead, any view or belief must be tested by the results it yields when put into practice; and — to guard against the possibility of any bias or limitations in one's understanding of those results — they must further be checked against the experience of people who are wise. The ability to question and test one's beliefs in an appropriate way is called appropriate attention. The ability to recognize and chose wise people as mentors is called having admirable friends. According to Iti 16-17, these are, respectively, the most important internal and external factors for attaining the goal of the practice. For further thoughts on how to test a belief in practice, see MN 61, MN 95, AN 7.80, and AN 8.53. For thoughts on how to judge whether another person is wise, see MN 110, AN 4.192, and AN 8.54.
英譯者說明:雖然這一部經時常被說成是佛陀基於相對的是非善惡這種世俗的價值觀而說的方便法,但是本經實際上闡明了某些更精確的深義。
傳統,不只因為他們是傳統,就必須被遵奉。報告(像是歷史記錄或新聞),不只因為它們的來源似乎可靠就必須去接受。個人的偏見,不只因為它們似乎合乎邏輯或者合於情理就必須去認同。相反的,任何的觀點或信念都一定要由它付諸實踐之後產生的結果,是好是壞或是有益是無益等來加以勘驗;而且對於那些結果的判讀,為了避免由「個人偏見」及「理解能力有限」而造成判讀錯誤的可能性,就必須更進一步藉由明智者的經驗來加以檢測。以正確的方式詢問與測試某一觀點及信念的能力叫做正確的專注(正定)。辨識並且選擇明智者為善知識的能力叫做選擇善知識。依照《小部.如是語經 16-17》, 這些能力個個都是達到修行目標最重要的內在或外在的因素。
關於如何在修行中測試某一信念之更進一步的說明,請參見:《中部 61經》、《中部95經》、《增支部7.80經》及《增支部8.53經》。而關於如何判斷一個人是否為明智者之更進一步的說,請參見:《中部110經》、《增支部 4.192經》和《增支部 8.54經》。
I have heard that on one occasion the Blessed One, on a wandering tour among the Kosalans with a large community of monks, arrived at Kesaputta, a town of the Kalamas. The Kalamas of Kesaputta heard it said, "Gotama the contemplative — the son of the Sakyans, having gone forth from the Sakyan clan — has arrived at Kesaputta. And of that Master Gotama this fine reputation has spread: 'He is indeed a Blessed One, worthy, & rightly self-awakened, consummate in knowledge & conduct, well-gone, a knower of the cosmos, an unexcelled trainer of those persons ready to be tamed, teacher of human & divine beings, awakened, blessed. He has made known — having realized it through direct knowledge — this world with its devas, maras, & brahmas, its generations with their contemplatives & priests, their rulers & common people; has explained the Dhamma admirable in the beginning, admirable in the middle, admirable in the end; has expounded the holy life both in its particulars & in its essence, entirely perfect, surpassingly pure. It is good to see such a worthy one.'"
我曾經這麼聽說:有一次,世尊與比丘們在憍薩羅國遊行說法,來到羇舍子小鎮裡葛拉瑪人居住的地方。葛拉瑪人聽說:「沙門喬答摩聲名遠播,祂是釋迦族王子,從釋迦族出家;是阿羅漢、無上正等正覺、明行足、善逝、世間解、無上調御者、天人師、佛、世尊。祂已經被覺悟(這個世界)- 這麼說是因為祂是透過直接的覺知而通達了宇宙人生之故,亦即覺悟非可強求而得 -祂覺悟這世界中有關天魔外道之法、他們的歷代修行弟子及信眾以及他們的戒律祂也覺悟了普通凡夫的種種;祂所說的教法從開始、中間、至結尾都是至善完美的,祂兼顧事相細節和精神本質兩方面,契理契機地詳細說明了聖道,至極完美,無比純真,他來到這裏了,我們去拜訪這樣可敬的人會得大利益。」
So the Kalamas of Kesaputta went to the Blessed One. On arrival, some of them bowed down to him and sat to one side. Some of them exchanged courteous greetings with him and, after an exchange of friendly greetings & courtesies, sat to one side. Some of them sat to one side having saluted him with their hands palm-to-palm over their hearts. Some of them sat to one side having announced their name & clan. Some of them sat to one side in silence.
於是葛拉瑪人結伴同行一起前去拜訪世尊。他們陸續來到了世尊面前,有一些人禮拜世尊之後坐在一邊;有一些人先和世尊噓寒問暖之後坐在一邊;有一些人先對世尊合掌禮敬之後坐在一邊;有一些人先向世尊介紹自己之後坐在一邊;有一些人則只是安安靜靜坐在一邊。
As they sat there, the Kalamas of Kesaputta said to the Blessed One, "Lord, there are some priests & contemplatives who come to Kesaputta. They expound & glorify their own doctrines, but as for the doctrines of others, they deprecate them, revile them, show contempt for them, & disparage them. And then other priests & contemplatives come to Kesaputta. They expound & glorify their own doctrines, but as for the doctrines of others, they deprecate them, revile them, show contempt for them, & disparage them. They leave us absolutely uncertain & in doubt: Which of these venerable priests & contemplatives are speaking the truth, and which ones are lying?"
當大家到齊坐好了之後,他們便對世尊說:「世尊啊!有些梵志和僧人來到羇舍子,他們解說自己的教義,讚揚自己的教義,但卻非難、輕蔑、藐視、毀謗、排斥其它的教義。又有另一些梵志和出家人來到羇舍子,他們也是同樣解說自己的教義,讚揚自己的教義,而非難、輕蔑、藐視、毀謗、排斥其它的教義。世尊啊!這真的使我們產生懷疑,使我們覺得迷惑,不知道在這些可敬的梵志和僧人之中,到底誰說的才是真話?誰說的是謊言?」
"Of course you are uncertain, Kalamas. Of course you are in doubt. When there are reasons for doubt, uncertainty is born. So in this case, Kalamas, don't go by reports, by legends, by traditions, by scripture, by logical conjecture, by inference, by analogies, by agreement through pondering views, by probability, or by the thought, 'This contemplative is our teacher.' When you know for yourselves that, 'These qualities are unskillful; these qualities are blameworthy; these qualities are criticized by the wise; these qualities, when adopted & carried out, lead to harm & to suffering' — then you should abandon them.
世尊聽了之後回答:「葛拉瑪人啊!你們有疑慮是正常的,你們有迷惑也是理所當然的。因為面對一件讓人可疑困擾的事情,是自然會產生懷疑迷惑的。(換句話說,你們不必因為不信而內心不安)」
「葛拉瑪人!你們聽著:
01. 不可因為「常常聽人這麼傳說」就信以為真。(或不實謠言故。)
02. 不可因為「是大家遵奉的傳統」就信以為真。(或誤謬荒誕故。)
03. 不可因為「是普遍相信的報告」就信以為真。(或難免疏漏故。)
04. 不可因為「是有經典作依據的」就信以為真。(所載非無疑故。)
05. 不可因為「符合於邏輯的推測」就信以為真。(邏輯有時窮故。)
06. 不可因為「符合於常識的判斷」就信以為真。(常識非真常故。)
07. 不可因為「符合於類比的推論」就信以為真。(物類各有道故。)
08. 不可因為「和自己的觀點吻合」就信以為真。(或成見偏見故。)
09. 不可因為「符合的機率非常高」就信以為真。(或掛萬漏一故。)
10. 不可因為「是導師或權威所說」就信以為真。(仰慕失理智故。) [註一]
葛拉瑪人!當你自己確切知道:‘某些事物是不好的、是錯的、是被明智者譴責的或者採信之後會帶來損害和苦惱’,那麼你們就應當捨棄它們。
"What do you think, Kalamas? When greed arises in a person, does it arise for welfare or for harm?"
接著世尊這麼說道:
「葛拉瑪人!你們認為怎樣?一個人內心生起貪欲,這是有益還是有害的呢?」
"For harm, lord."
「世尊!這是有害的。」
"And this greedy person, overcome by greed, his mind possessed by greed, kills living beings, takes what is not given, goes after another person's wife, tells lies, and induces others to do likewise, all of which is for long-term harm & suffering."
「葛拉瑪人!一個心存貪欲的人,被貪欲征服及纏擾,因而作出殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語的行為,這樣是不是會為他帶來長期的損害和苦惱呢?」
"Yes, lord."
「是的,世尊!」
"Now, what do you think, Kalamas? When aversion arises in a person, does it arise for welfare or for harm?"
「葛拉瑪人!你們認為怎樣?一個人的內心生起瞋恚,這是有益還是有害的呢?」
"For harm, lord."
「世尊!這是有害的。」
"And this aversive person, overcome by aversion, his mind possessed by aversion, kills living beings, takes what is not given, goes after another person's wife, tells lies, and induces others to do likewise, all of which is for long-term harm & suffering."
「葛拉瑪人!一個心存瞋恚的人,被瞋恚征服及纏擾,因而作出殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語的行為,這樣是不是會為他帶來長期的損害和苦惱呢?」
"Yes, lord."
「是的,世尊!」
"Now, what do you think, Kalamas? When delusion arises in a person, does it arise for welfare or for harm?"
「葛拉瑪人!你們認為怎樣?一個人的內心生起愚痴,這是有益還是有害的呢?」
"For harm, lord."
「世尊!這是有害的。」
"And this deluded person, overcome by delusion, his mind possessed by delusion, kills living beings, takes what is not given, goes after another person's wife, tells lies, and induces others to do likewise, all of which is for long-term harm & suffering."
「葛拉瑪人!一個心存愚痴的人,被愚痴征服及纏擾,因而作出殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語的行為,這樣是不是會為他帶來長期的損害和苦惱呢?」
"Yes, lord."
「是的,世尊!」
"So what do you think, Kalamas: Are these qualities skillful or unskillful?"
世尊聽了葛拉瑪人的回答之後,接著又問:「葛拉瑪人!你們認為怎樣?有貪瞋痴心是好還是不好呢?」
"Unskillful, lord."
「世尊啊!這是不好的。」
"Blameworthy or blameless?"
「是錯還是對呢?」
"Blameworthy, lord."
「世尊啊!這是錯的。」
"Criticized by the wise or praised by the wise?"
「是受智者所譴責還是受智者所讚揚呢?」
"Criticized by the wise, lord."
「世尊啊!這是受智者所譴責的。」
"When adopted & carried out, do they lead to harm & to suffering, or not?"
「會帶來損害苦惱還是不會帶來損害苦惱呢?」
"When adopted & carried out, they lead to harm & to suffering. That is how it appears to us."
「世尊啊!會帶來損害和苦惱的。這些就是它們給我們的啟示」
"So, as I said, Kalamas: 'Don't go by reports, by legends, by traditions, by scripture, by logical conjecture, by inference, by analogies, by agreement through pondering views, by probability, or by the thought, "This contemplative is our teacher." When you know for yourselves that, "These qualities are unskillful; these qualities are blameworthy; these qualities are criticized by the wise; these qualities, when adopted & carried out, lead to harm & to suffering" — then you should abandon them.' Thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said.
世尊聽了葛拉瑪人的回答,便說:「葛拉瑪人!所以我才說:『
01. 不可因為「常常聽人這麼傳說」就信以為真。(或不實謠言故。)
02. 不可因為「是大家遵奉的傳統」就信以為真。(或誤謬荒誕故。)
03. 不可因為「是普遍相信的報告」就信以為真。(或難免疏漏故。)
04. 不可因為「是有經典作依據的」就信以為真。(所載非無疑故。)
05. 不可因為「符合於邏輯的推測」就信以為真。(邏輯有時窮故。)
06. 不可因為「符合於常識的判斷」就信以為真。(常識非真常故。)
07. 不可因為「符合於類比的推論」就信以為真。(物類各有道故。)
08. 不可因為「和自己的觀點吻合」就信以為真。(或成見偏見故。)
09. 不可因為「符合的機率非常高」就信以為真。(或掛萬漏一故。)
10. 不可因為「是導師或權威所說」就信以為真。(仰慕失理智故。)
葛拉瑪人!當你自己確切知道:‘某些事物是不好的、是錯的、是被明智者譴責的或者採信之後會帶來損害和苦惱’,那麼你們就應當捨棄它們。』」以上是我所說,而且對於我所說的,你們也當依此原則抉擇之。
"Now, Kalamas, don't go by reports, by legends, by traditions, by scripture, by logical conjecture, by inference, by analogies, by agreement through pondering views, by probability, or by the thought, 'This contemplative is our teacher.' When you know for yourselves that, 'These qualities are skillful; these qualities are blameless; these qualities are praised by the wise; these qualities, when adopted & carried out, lead to welfare & to happiness' — then you should enter & remain in them.
葛拉瑪人!聽著!
01. 不可因為「常常聽人這麼傳說」就信以為真。(或不實謠言故。)
02. 不可因為「是大家遵奉的傳統」就信以為真。(或誤謬荒誕故。)
03. 不可因為「是普遍相信的報告」就信以為真。(或難免疏漏故。)
04. 不可因為「是有經典作依據的」就信以為真。(所載非無疑故。)
05. 不可因為「符合於邏輯的推測」就信以為真。(邏輯有時窮故。)
06. 不可因為「符合於常識的判斷」就信以為真。(常識非真常故。)
07. 不可因為「符合於類比的推論」就信以為真。(物類各有道故。)
08. 不可因為「和自己的觀點吻合」就信以為真。(或成見偏見故。)
09. 不可因為「符合的機率非常高」就信以為真。(或掛萬漏一故。)
10. 不可因為「是導師或權威所說」就信以為真。(仰慕失理智故。)
葛拉瑪人!當你自己確切知道:‘某些事物是好的、對的、受智者讚揚的或者採信之後會帶來利益和快樂。’那麼你就應當採信它們。」
"What do you think, Kalamas? When lack of greed arises in a person, does it arise for welfare or for harm?"
接著世尊又問:
「葛拉瑪人!你們認為怎樣?一個人的內心不生起貪欲,這是有益還是有害的呢?」
"For welfare, lord."
「世尊!是有益的。」
"And this ungreedy person, not overcome by greed, his mind not possessed by greed, doesn't kill living beings, take what is not given, go after another person's wife, tell lies, or induce others to do likewise, all of which is for long-term welfare & happiness."
「葛拉瑪人!一個不貪欲的人,內心不被貪欲征服及纏擾,因而不殺生、不偷盜、不邪淫、不妄語。這是不是會為他帶來長期的利益和快樂呢?」
"Yes, lord."
「是的,世尊!」
"What do you think, Kalamas? When lack of aversion arises in a person, does it arise for welfare or for harm?"
「葛拉瑪人!你們認為怎樣?一個人的內心不生起瞋恚,這是有益還是有害的呢?」
"For welfare, lord."
「世尊!是有益的。」
"And this unaversive person, not overcome by aversion, his mind not possessed by aversion, doesn't kill living beings, take what is not given, go after another person's wife, tell lies, or induce others to do likewise, all of which is for long-term welfare & happiness."
「葛拉瑪人!一個不瞋恚的人,內心不被瞋恚征服及纏擾,因而不殺生、不偷盜、不邪淫、不妄語。這是不是會為他帶來長期的利益和快樂呢?」
"Yes, lord."
「是的,世尊!」
"What do you think, Kalamas? When lack of delusion arises in a person, does it arise for welfare or for harm?"
「葛拉瑪人,你們認為怎樣,一個人的內心不生起愚癡,這是有益還是有害的呢?」
"For welfare, lord."
「世尊!是有益的。」
"And this undeluded person, not overcome by delusion, his mind not possessed by delusion, doesn't kill living beings, take what is not given, go after another person's wife, tell lies, or induce others to do likewise, all of which is for long-term welfare & happiness."
「葛拉瑪人!一個不愚癡的人,內心不被愚癡征服及纏擾,因而不殺生、不偷盜、不邪淫、不妄語。這是不是會為他帶來長期的利益和快樂呢?」
"Yes, lord."
「是的,世尊!」
"So what do you think, Kalamas: Are these qualities skillful or unskillful?"
世尊聽了葛拉瑪人的回答之後,接著又問:「葛拉瑪人!你們認為怎樣?無貪瞋痴心是好還是不好呢?」
"Skillful, lord."
「世尊啊!是好的。」
"Blameworthy or blameless?"
「是錯還是對呢?」
"Blameless, lord."
「世尊啊!這是對的。」
"Criticized by the wise or praised by the wise?"
「是受智者所譴責還是受智者所讚揚呢?」
"Praised by the wise, lord."
「世尊啊!這是受智者所讚揚的。」
"When adopted & carried out, do they lead to welfare & to happiness, or not?"
「會帶來損害苦惱還是不會帶來損害苦惱呢?」
"When adopted & carried out, they lead to welfare & to happiness. That is how it appears to us."
「世尊啊!不會帶來損害和苦惱的。這些就是它們給我們的啟示」
"So, as I said, Kalamas: 'Don't go by reports, by legends, by traditions, by scripture, by logical conjecture, by inference, by analogies, by agreement through pondering views, by probability, or by the thought, "This contemplative is our teacher." When you know for yourselves that, "These qualities are skillful; these qualities are blameless; these qualities are praised by the wise; these qualities, when adopted & carried out, lead to welfare & to happiness" — then you should enter & remain in them.' Thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said.
世尊聽了葛拉瑪人的回答,便說:「葛拉瑪人!所以我才說:『
01. 不可因為「常常聽人這麼傳說」就信以為真。(或不實謠言故。)
02. 不可因為「是大家遵奉的傳統」就信以為真。(或誤謬荒誕故。)
03. 不可因為「是普遍相信的報告」就信以為真。(或難免疏漏故。)
04. 不可因為「是有經典作依據的」就信以為真。(所載非無疑故。)
05. 不可因為「符合於邏輯的推測」就信以為真。(邏輯有時窮故。)
06. 不可因為「符合於常識的判斷」就信以為真。(常識非真常故。)
07. 不可因為「符合於類比的推論」就信以為真。(物類各有道故。)
08. 不可因為「和自己的觀點吻合」就信以為真。(或成見偏見故。)
09. 不可因為「符合的機率非常高」就信以為真。(或掛萬漏一故。)
10. 不可因為「是導師或權威所說」就信以為真。(仰慕失理智故。)
葛拉瑪人!當你自己確切知道:‘某些事物是好的、對的、受智者讚揚的或者採信之後會帶來利益和快樂。’那麼你就應當採信它們。』」以上是我所說,而且對於我所說的,你們也當依此原則抉擇之。
"Now, Kalamas, one who is a disciple of the noble ones — thus devoid of greed, devoid of ill will, undeluded, alert, & resolute — keeps pervading the first direction [the east] — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with good will. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing cosmos with an awareness imbued with good will: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.
「葛拉瑪人!世尊的聖弟子已經達到無貪、無瞋、無痴,內心清醒明覺,堅定正念,祂精勤正知地將『慈無量心』向東西南北四方各地散發出去,他以充沛、廣大、沒有限量、沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚的『慈無量心』,不斷精勤正知地向所有方向、所有處所的所有世界散發出去,散發於所有眾生及事物之上。」
"He keeps pervading the first direction — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with compassion. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing cosmos with an awareness imbued with compassion: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.
「祂精勤正知地將『悲無量心』向東西南北四方各地散發出去,他以充沛、廣大、沒有限量、沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚的『悲無量心』,不斷精勤正知地向所有方向、所有處所的所有世界散發出去,散發於所有眾生及事物之上。」
"He keeps pervading the first direction — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with appreciation. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing cosmos with an awareness imbued with appreciation: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.
「祂精勤正知地將『喜無量心』向東西南北四方各地散發出去,他以充沛、廣大、沒有限量、沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚的『喜無量心』,不斷精勤正知地向所有方向、所有處所的所有世界散發出去,散發於所有眾生及事物之上。」
"He keeps pervading the first direction — as well as the second direction, the third, & the fourth — with an awareness imbued with equanimity. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing cosmos with an awareness imbued with equanimity: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.
「祂精勤正知地將『捨無量心』向東西南北四方各地散發出去,他以充沛、廣大、沒有限量、沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚的『捨無量心』,不斷精勤正知地向所有方向、所有處所的所有世界散發出去,散發於所有眾生及事物之上。」
"Now,Kalamas, one who is a disciple of the noble ones — his mind thus free from hostility, free from ill will, undefiled, & pure — acquires four assurances in the here-&-now:
「葛拉瑪人啊!世尊的聖弟子因為祂的內心沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚、沒有污染,內心清淨,祂現前當下就能得到四種自信自証。
"'If there is a world after death, if there is the fruit of actions rightly & wrongly done, then this is the basis by which, with the break-up of the body, after death, I will reappear in a good destination, the heavenly world.' This is the first assurance he acquires.
1. 『如果死後有來世或者如果有善惡因果業報的話,當身壞命終的時候,我必能依此清淨心投生於天道善趣之中。』這是祂所得到的第一種自信自証。
"'But if there is no world after death, if there is no fruit of actions rightly & wrongly done, then here in the present life I look after myself with ease — free from hostility, free from ill will, free from trouble.' This is the second assurance he acquires.
2. 『即使死後沒有來世或者即使沒有善惡因果業報的話,我也能在今生當中過著沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚、沒有煩惱,這樣安樂自在的生活。』這是祂所得到的第二種自信自証。
"'If evil is done through acting, still I have willed no evil for anyone. Having done no evil action, from where will suffering touch me?' This is the third assurance he acquires.
3. 『如果我造作了惡業,那麼不管惡業會受報還是不會受報都沒有關係,因為我知道我心清淨,我對任何人沒有任何的惡意,坦坦蕩蕩。因此就算造作了這種無意的惡業,任何的苦惱又如何能加之於我呢?』這是祂所得到的第三種自信自証。
"'But if no evil is done through acting, then I can assume myself pure in both respects.' This is the fourth assurance he acquires.
4. 『如果我沒有造作惡業,那麼不管惡業會受報還是不會受報就更沒有關係了,因為我很清楚明白:我現在已經過著清淨解脫的生活了。』這是祂所得到的第四種自信自証。
"One who is a disciple of the noble ones — his mind thus free from hostility, free from ill will, undefiled, & pure — acquires these four assurances in the here-&-now."
葛拉瑪人啊!世尊的聖弟子因為祂的內心沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚、沒有污染,內心清淨,祂現前當下就能得到這四種自信自証。」
"So it is, Blessed One. So it is, O One Well-gone. One who is a disciple of the noble ones — his mind thus free from hostility, free from ill will, undefiled, & pure — acquires four assurances in the here-&-now:
「正是如此,世尊!正是如此,善逝!【註2】世尊的聖弟子因為祂的內心沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚、沒有污染,內心清淨,祂現前當下就能得到四種自信自証。」
"'If there is a world after death, if there is the fruit of actions rightly & wrongly done, then this is the basis by which, with the break-up of the body, after death, I will reappear in a good destination, the heavenly world.' This is the first assurance he acquires.
1. 『如果死後有來世或者如果有善惡因果業報的話,當身壞命終的時候,我必能依此清淨心投生於天道善趣之中。』這是祂所得到的第一種自信自証。
"'But if there is no world after death, if there is no fruit of actions rightly & wrongly done, then here in the present life I look after myself with ease — free from hostility, free from ill will, free from trouble.' This is the second assurance he acquires.
2. 『即使死後沒有來世或者即使沒有善惡因果業報的話,我也能在今生當中過著沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚、沒有煩惱,這樣安樂自在的生活。』這是祂所得到的第二種自信自証。
"'If evil is done through acting, still I have willed no evil for anyone. Having done no evil action, from where will suffering touch me?' This is the third assurance he acquires.
3. 『如果我造作了惡業,那麼不管惡業會受報還是不會受報都沒有關係,因為我知道我心清淨,我對任何人沒有任何的惡意,坦坦蕩蕩。因此就算造作了這種無意的惡業,任何的苦惱又如何能加之於我呢?』這是祂所得到的第三種自信自証。
"'But if no evil is done through acting, then I can assume myself pure in both ways.' This is the fourth assurance he acquires.
4. 『如果我沒有造作惡業,那麼不管惡業會受報還是不會受報就更沒有關係了,因為我很清楚明白:我現在已經過著清淨解脫的生活了。』這是祂所得到的第四種自信自証。
"One who is a disciple of the noble ones — his mind thus free from hostility, free from ill will, undefiled, & pure — acquires these four assurances in the here-&-now.
世尊的聖弟子因為祂的內心沒有憤恨、沒有瞋恚、沒有污染,內心清淨,祂現前當下就能得到這四種自信自証。
"Magnificent, lord! Magnificent! Just as if he were to place upright what was overturned, to reveal what was hidden, to show the way to one who was lost, or to carry a lamp into the dark so that those with eyes could see forms, in the same way has the Blessed One — through many lines of reasoning — made the Dhamma clear. We go to the Blessed One for refuge, to the Dhamma, and to the Sangha of monks. May the Blessed One remember us as lay followers who have gone to him for refuge, from this day forward, for life."
葛拉瑪族人聽聞了世尊的教戒之後說道:「妙極了!世尊!妙極了!簡直就彷彿能把顛倒了的東西翻轉過來;彷彿能把隱蔽不見的東西變現出來;彷彿能為迷路的人指出正道來;又彷彿能以一燈照破千年暗室,而使人得以看到東西啊。世尊也是如此一般地能以各種不同的善巧方便演說法義,使法義更加清楚明白。世尊啊!我們皈依佛、皈依法、皈依僧。願世尊接受我們為優婆塞,我們從現在起,盡此一生,終生皈命!」
【附註】
一、◆Tanissaro之英譯文:
"Of course you are uncertain, Kalamas. Of course you are in doubt. When there are reasons for doubt, uncertainty is born. So in this case, Kalamas, don't go by reports, by legends, by traditions, by scripture, by logical conjecture, by inference, by analogies, by agreement through pondering views, by probability, or by the thought, 'This contemplative is our teacher.' When you know for yourselves that, 'These qualities are unskillful; these qualities are blameworthy; these qualities are criticized by the wise; these qualities, when adopted & carried out, lead to harm & to suffering' — then you should abandon them.
葛拉瑪人!當然你們會不確定;當然你們會懷疑。因為當有理由懷疑的時候,我們自然會產生不確定感。因此在這情形之下,葛拉瑪人,不要因為是普信的報告、因為是傳說、因為是傳統、因為是聖典、因為是合乎邏輯推測、因為合於常識、因為合於類推、因為與自己衡量的觀點一致、因為可能性高、或因為'這僧人是我們的導師’的想法而信以為真。當你自己確切知道:‘這些本質上是不好的、錯的、被明智者所譴責的或者你一旦採信則會帶來損害與苦惱的’,那麼你們就應該捨棄他們。
◆Soma 之英譯文:
It is proper for you, Kalamas, to doubt, to be uncertain; uncertainty has arisen in you about what is doubtful. Come, Kalamas. Do not go upon what has been acquired by repeated hearing; nor upon tradition; nor upon rumor; nor upon what is in a scripture; nor upon surmise; nor upon an axiom; nor upon specious reasoning; nor upon a bias toward a notion that has been pondered over; nor upon another's seeming ability; nor upon the consideration, 'The monk is our teacher.' Kalamas, when you yourselves know: 'These things are bad; these things are blamable; these things are censured by the wise; undertaken and observed, these things lead to harm and ill,' abandon them."
葛拉瑪人!你們會懷疑、會不確定是正當的,因為對於有可疑之事,你自然是會產生不確定感的。來!聽我說!葛拉瑪人!不要因「反覆一再聽得的、傳統、普信之報告、聖典、推測、自明之常理、表面的推論、經衡量後的偏見、可能性大或‘這僧人是我們的導師’的想法」就信以為真。葛拉瑪人!當你們自己確切知道:‘某些事物是不好的、是錯的、是被明智者所譴責的或者你一旦採信會帶來損害和苦惱’,那麼你就應當捨棄它們。
2、Soma之英譯為:So it is, Blessed One. So it is, Sublime one. 正是如此,世尊!正是如此,尊者。
【法義分享:】
這篇經文可以和漢譯本《中阿含經》十六《伽藍經》互相對照。在經中葛拉瑪人向佛陀提出了一個看似平凡無奇,但卻是修學佛道上一個關鍵性見地的問題。因為他們接觸到很多不同的宗教師,而所有的宗教師都說只有自己的才對,其他人的通通都不對,這使得葛拉瑪人覺得很困惑。於是他們跑來問世尊:到底該怎麼來面對這麼多的宗教異說呢?世尊的回答不只在當時,即使是在今天,也是一樣震撼人心的,是古今宗教歷史上破天荒絕無僅有的,祂的回答不但為葛拉瑪人解開了他們心中長期的困惑,更重要的是,佛陀為他們開啟了一個運用自己的理性智慧來面對宇宙人生的覺悟之道。當然,這也是現代行者在修學佛道之初應當把握的正見。
世尊是一位善巧的導師,祂從不強迫別人接受祂的思想觀念,祂只是幫助並引導人們開發自己的智慧,自己去認清因果現象以及事實真相,自己去發現自己的是非與善惡,從而激發出自己轉惡為善的動力。這種啟發式的教導在當時是絕無僅有的,這是佛陀從祂徹底的覺悟中,自然展現出來的無限智慧與慈悲。
『一個持戒和修習四無量心的人,他清楚知道自己所做所為是善的,是清淨的,所以,即使是沒有善惡因果、沒有來世、沒有輪迴這回事也沒關係,因為他這一生就能夠過著快樂又有意義地生活;若是有善惡因果、有來世、有輪迴這回事,他自己也很清楚確知:我的來生必定會投生於善道之中。』
從佛陀這一段開示當中,我們可以很清楚知道:佛法是絕對理性理智的,是當下真實、現實人生的覺悟與解脫之道,絕對不摻雜著迷信或盲目的信仰。覺悟的人生是以過去為借鑑、未來為目標而活在當下,讓自己當下一切身口意的造作都能不重蹈過去覆轍、迎向未來目標且現世安樂解脫,這就是所謂的三世福慧圓滿的人生。佛法不是繫縛牽絆於不可得的過去、汲汲營營於不可知的未來而惶恐迷失於真現實的今生,簡單地說:過去未來都只是為了利益今生,而不是只為了消除過去災業、祈求未來福報而放棄今生,過一種行屍走肉毫無意義的人生。也就是說,佛法雖然說有輪迴、有今生來世,但是佛法的重點反而是要我們擺脫過去的繫縛及未來的框限,而著重在現世的覺悟與解脫,這點佛在《阿蘭若經SN01:10》也為我們指出來了。
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